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Practice (learning method)

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">Praxis (process)</a>.</div>

Practice is the act of rehearsing a behavior repeatedly, to help <a href="Learning" title="Learning">learn</a> and eventually master a <a href="Skill" title="Skill">skill</a>. Sessions scheduled for the purpose of rehearsing and performance improvement are called practices. They are engaged in by sports teams, bands, individuals, etc., as in, "He went to football practice every day after school".

In <a href="British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, practice is the <a href="Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> and practise is the <a href="Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>, but in <a href="American_English" title="American English">American English</a> it is now common for practice to be used both as a noun and a verb (see <a href="American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-ce,_-se" title="American and British English spelling differences">American and British English spelling differences</a>; this article follows American conventions).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

The word "practice" derives from the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> "πρακτική" (praktike), feminine of "πρακτικός" (praktikos), "fit for or concerned with action, practical",<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and that from the verb "πράσσω" (prasso), "to achieve, bring about, effect, accomplish".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_types">Common types</h2></div>

Some common ways practice is applied:

<ul><li>To learn how to play a <a href="Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> (<a href="Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">musical technique</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>To improve athletic or team performance<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a></li>

<li>To prepare for a public performance within the performing arts</li>

<li>To improve <a href="Reading_(activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading (activity)">reading</a>, <a href="Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, <a href="Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">interpersonal communication</a>, <a href="Typing" title="Typing">typing</a>, <a href="Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, and <a href="Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a></li>

<li>To enhance or refine a newly acquired skill<a href="#cite_note-:5-5">[5]</a></li>

<li>To maintain skill<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li>

<li>To learn martial arts; <a href="Kata" title="Kata">kata</a> and <a href="Sparring" title="Sparring">sparring</a> are common forms of practice</li>

<li>To master tasks associated with one's occupation (e.g. a cashier using a <a href="Point_of_sale_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of sale system">POS system</a>)</li></ul>

How well one improves with practice depends on several factors, such as the frequency it is engaged in, and the type of feedback that is available for improvement.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> If feedback is not appropriate (either from an instructor or from self-reference to an information source), then the practice tends to be ineffective or even detrimental to learning.<a href="#cite_note-:6-7">[7]</a> If a student does not practice often enough, reinforcement fades, and he or she is likely to forget what was learned. Therefore, practice is often scheduled, to ensure enough of it is performed to reach one's training objectives. How much practice is required depends upon the nature of the activity, and upon each individual. Some people improve on a particular activity faster than others. Practice in an instructional setting may be effective if repeated only 1 time (for some simple verbal information) or 3 times (for concepts), or it may be practiced many times before evaluation (a dance movement).<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deliberate_practice">Deliberate practice</h2></div>

Psychologist <a href="K._Anders_Ericsson" title="K. Anders Ericsson">K. Anders Ericsson</a>, a professor of Psychology at <a href="Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a>, was a pioneer in researching deliberate practice and what it means.<a href="#cite_note-:5-5">[5]</a> According to Ericsson:

<blockquote>People believe that because expert performance is qualitatively different from a normal performance the expert performer must be endowed with characteristics qualitatively different from those of normal adults. [...] We agree that expert performance is qualitatively different from normal performance and even that expert performers have characteristics and abilities that are qualitatively different from or at least outside the range of those of normal adults. However, we deny that these differences are immutable, that is, due to innate talent. Only a few exceptions, most notably height, are genetically prescribed. Instead, we argue that the differences between expert performers and normal adults reflect a life-long period of deliberate effort to improve performance in a specific domain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></blockquote>

One of Ericsson's core findings was that how expert one becomes at a skill has more to do with how one practices than with merely performing a skill a large number of times. An expert breaks down the skills that are required to be expert and focuses on improving those skill chunks during practice or day-to-day activities, often paired with immediate coaching feedback. Another important feature of deliberate practice lies in continually practicing a skill at more challenging levels with the intention of mastering it.<a href="#cite_note-Mayer,_R._E._2008-9">[9]</a> Deliberate practice is also discussed in the books Talent is Overrated by <a href="Geoff_Colvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoff Colvin">Geoff Colvin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The Talent Code by Daniel Coyle,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance, by <a href="Angela_Duckworth" title="Angela Duckworth">Angela Duckworth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> <a href="Outliers%3A_The_Story_of_Success" class="mw-redirect" title="Outliers: The Story of Success">Outliers: The Story of Success</a>, by <a href="Malcolm_Gladwell" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Malcolm Gladwell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and Deliberate Practice for Psychotherapists, by Tony Rousmaniere.<a href="#cite_note-:6-7">[7]</a>

Ericsson also believes that some anatomical characteristics were believed to be fixed traits in the past. Genes rarely dictate what traits will be. However, his study has proven that the characteristics have the ability to change and adapt in response to intense practice over multiple years. Ericsson's statements on practice also support the 10 year rule. Ericsson believes that elite performance is the product of maximal effort over at least a decade. The maximal effort is described as using deliberate practice in order to improve performance.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a>

Duckworth describes how deliberate practice affects education, motivation, and learning outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> In a presentation she gave at the American Educational Research Conference in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> she spoke about the importance of grit – of students' focusing on material with which they struggle. In her view, grit allows a student to persevere and succeed in the face of adversity. Duckworth says that if a student can apply grit in their academic work, their effort will increase. Duckworth says that effort is equally important as talent in achieving academic goals. In a study she conducted at the National Spelling Bee in Washington, D.C, she found that the students who used the grit tactic tended to advance to the finals.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a>

Two recent articles in <a href="Current_Directions_in_Psychological_Science" title="Current Directions in Psychological Science">Current Directions in Psychological Science</a> criticize deliberate practice and argue that, while it is necessary for reaching high levels of performance, it is not sufficient, with other factors such as talent being important as well.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> More recently, a meta-analysis found the correlation coefficient between deliberate practice and performance was 0.40, the size of which is large compared to other predictor variables (e.g. obesity, excessive drinking, smoking, intelligence, adherence to effective medication).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In addition, Malcolm Gladwell's point-of-view about deliberate practice is different from Ericsson's view: in a May 2016 <a href="Freakonomics" title="Freakonomics">Freakonomics</a> podcast interview, he said, "He's [Ericsson] a hard practice guy, and I'm a soft practice guy." Gladwell claims that talent is important with an intentional dedication to practice and having a support system is vital to produce superior outcomes. It is not all about methodical effort as Ericsson claims. In Malcolm Gladwell's book, one chapter is called "The Matthew Effect."

This effect describes how different biases can affect an individual's performance. When someone is practising a skill, especially with deliberate practice, coaches play an important role in how their practices go. If a coach sets high expectations and encourages their learners, the individual is more likely to take more from practice and perform better. The role of coaches is important during deliberate practice. Coaches can strengthen desired behaviors through encouragement, positive reinforcement, and technical instruction. Fostering a positive learning environment through deliberate practice is key for all individuals involved. It is also important for coaches to lay out their practices with specific skill training, variable practice, and training of open and closed skills. These factors lead to an intentional, deliberate practice, which ultimately leads to better learning and performance.

According to the American Psychological Association, the purpose of deliberate practice is to achieve high levels of expert performance.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Studies also show that due to deliberate practice, an individual will experience high achievement. This is due to memory, cognition, practice, persistence, and muscle response that all improves through deliberate practice.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_deliberate_practice">Characteristics of deliberate practice</h2></div>

Practice changes the human body physically and psychologically as it increases in skill level. Skills that are learned through deliberate practice are specific and time spent practicing is crucial for the individual. If an individual spent a short amount of time with high intensity during practice, they are not as likely to succeed as an individual with a long-term commitment to the practice and skill.

According to Ericsson, a practice session needs to follow these criteria in order to be considered "deliberate":

<ol><li>The task should be well defined, with a clear goal, and should be completely understood by the student.</li>

<li>The student should be able to do the task by himself.</li>

<li>The student should be able to access immediate feedback about his performance, so they can make the changes needed to improve.</li>

<li>The student should be able to replicate the tasks or similar tasks repeatedly.</li>

<li>The task must be designed by a teacher and must be performed following a clear instruction by the teacher.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ol>

If the practice session follows all the criteria except for the last one, then, according to Ericsson, should be called "purposeful practice".

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebuttal_to_the_10,000_hour_rule">Rebuttal to the 10,000 hour rule</h2></div>

Malcolm Gladwell developed the highly popular 10,000 hour rule. This rule states that if an individual spends 10,000 hours of full concentration and intense effort in their certain skill, they will become an expert at it. However, Anders Ericsson's article focuses on how the amount of time does not affect the elite status but how deliberate the practice is. Ericsson states "it is now quite clear that the number of hours of merely engaging in activities, such as playing music, chess and soccer, or engaging in professional work activities has a much lower benefit for improving performance than deliberate practice".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavioral_versus_cognitive_theories_of_deliberate_practice">Behavioral versus cognitive theories of deliberate practice</h2></div>

Behavioral theory would argue that deliberate practice is facilitated by feedback from an expert that allows for successful approximation of the target performance. Feedback from an expert allows the learner to minimize errors and frustration that results from trial-and-error attempts. Behavioral theory does not require delivery of rewards for accurate performance; the expert feedback in combination with the accurate performance serve as the consequences that establish and maintain the new performance.

In cognitive theory, excellent performance results from practicing complex tasks that produce errors. Such errors provide the learner with rich feedback that results in scaffolding for future performance. Cognitive theory explains how a learner can become an expert (or someone who has mastered a domain).<a href="#cite_note-Mayer,_R._E._2008-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2></div>

Learning is closely linked to practice and <a href="Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>. <a href="Cultural-historical_psychology" title="Cultural-historical psychology">Sociocultural theory</a> applied to motivation of practice suggests that motivation resides not within the individual, but within the domain of social and cultural contexts united by shared action and activity. Thus, motivation to practice is not simply within the locus of the individual (see <a href="Motivation#Incentive_theories:_intrinsic_and_extrinsic_motivation" title="Motivation">Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation</a>), but rather the locus is the activity and its specific contexts of which the individual is a participant.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

Psychologist <a href="K._Anders_Ericsson" title="K. Anders Ericsson">K. Anders Ericsson</a> writes about motivation to practice. He creates a theoretical framework for acquisition of expert performance that discusses the issue of a lack of motivation to practice. He writes:<blockquote>Engagement in deliberate practice is not inherently motivating. Performers consider it instrumental in achieving further improvements in performance (the motivational constraint). The lack of inherent reward or enjoyment in practice as distinct from the enjoyment of the result (improvement) is consistent with the fact that individuals in a domain rarely initiate practice spontaneously.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></blockquote>The motivational constraint, mentioned above, is important to consider as it is an important premise of Ericsson's theoretical framework for deliberate practice. He finds that because participating in deliberate practice is not motivating that individuals must be engaged and motivated to take part in improvement before deliberate practice can even take place.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> He talks about the success of children who were simply exposed to an activity for months by their parents in a fun way. These children displayed immense interest in continuing the activity, so the parents then began implanting deliberate practice. This came to be extremely successful, which Ericsson cites as proof that his theory works when put into action. He finds that children must have the passion to improve their skills before deliberate practice begins in order to really be successful.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deliberate_practice_in_medical_education">Deliberate practice in medical education</h2></div>

Deliberate practice is used in medical education.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Duvivier et al. reconstructed the concept of deliberate practice into practical principles to describe the process as it relates to clinical skill acquisition. They defined deliberate practice as:

<ol><li>repetitive performance of intended cognitive or psychomotor skills.</li>

<li>rigorous skills assessment</li>

<li>specific information feedback</li>

<li>better skills performance<a href="#cite_note-Duvivier_2011-23">[23]</a></li></ol>

They further described the personal skills learners need to exhibit at various stages of skill development in order to be successful in developing their clinical skills. This includes:

<ol><li>planning (organize work in a structured way).</li>

<li>concentration/dedication (higher attention span)</li>

<li>repetition/revision (strong tendency to practice)</li>

<li>study style/self reflection (tendency to self-regulate learning)<a href="#cite_note-Duvivier_2011-23">[23]</a></li></ol>

While the study only included medical students, the authors found that repetitious practice may only help the novice learner (year 1) because as expertise is developed, the learner must focus and plan their learning around specific deficiencies. Curriculum must be designed to develop students' ability to plan their learning as they progress in their careers.

Finally, the findings in the study also have implications for developing self-regulated behaviors in students. Initially, a medical student may need focused feedback from instructors; however, as they progress, they must develop the ability to self-assess.

In an article by Susan Howick, the idea of using mixed method practice in the medical field could be proven to be beneficial for practitioners and researchers.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deliberate_practice_in_mental_health_education">Deliberate practice in mental health education</h2></div>

Deliberate practice is used in mental health education. More than 20 peer-reviewed empirical <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sentio.org/dpresearch">studies</a> and two literature reviews have investigated the process and outcomes of deliberate practice in supervision.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A 2024 review outlined two principal models of deliberate practice training for mental health professionals.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The Better Results model, developed by Scott Miller, Mark Hubble, and Daryl Chow, leverages data from Feedback Informed Treatment to steer deliberate practice efforts.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sentio.org/innovation">Sentio Supervision Model</a>, created by the Sentio University Marriage and Family Therapy program in California, combines psychotherapy skill rehearsal with clinical videos and outcome data.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deliberate_practice_versus_physical_preparation">Deliberate practice versus physical preparation</h2></div>

Deliberate practice is not just any form of preparatory activity, but is defined as "highly structured activities that (a) are most relevant for improving performance, (b) are cognitively effortful, and (c) have no immediate rewards."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> There is a rise in discovering the differences within the details and connection between deliberate practice and physical preparation. Some researchers propose the idea that self regulated learning can help athletes overcome practice constraints. With this, athletes are more inclined to achieve and develop as an athlete. Ericsson wants to pursue a more detail oriented approach on how deliberate practice is measured and how it is different from other types of training.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_maintenance">As maintenance</h2></div>

Skills fade with non-use.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The phenomenon is often referred to as being "out of practice". Practice is therefore performed (on a regular basis) to keep skills and abilities honed. It is important to keep learners from reaching a burn out or exhaustion stage while learning and practicing. Spending a fair amount of time at practice is important when learning a new skill but taking time for mental and emotional health is just as important.

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<ul><li><a href="Dreyfus_model_of_skill_acquisition" title="Dreyfus model of skill acquisition">Dreyfus model of skill acquisition</a> – Model of learning</li>

<li><a href="Hebbian_theory" title="Hebbian theory">Hebbian theory</a> – Neuroscientific theory</li>

<li><a href="Homework" title="Homework">Homework</a> – Educational practice</li>

<li><a href="Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a> – Detailed choreographed patterns of movements in martial arts</li>

<li><a href="Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a> – Process of acquiring new knowledge</li>

<li><a href="Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a> – Consolidating a motor task into memory through repetition</li>

<li><a href="Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a> – Ability of the brain to continuously change</li>

<li><a href="Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">Physical exercise</a> – Physical activity that improves healthPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li>

<li><a href="Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">Praxis</a> – Process by which a theory, lesson, or skill is enacted, embodied, or realized</li>

<li><a href="Procedural_memory" title="Procedural memory">Procedural memory</a> – Unconscious memory used to perform tasks</li>

<li><a href="Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">Rehearsal</a> – Practice performance</li>

<li><a href="Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a> – Type of training for combat sports</li>

<li><a href="Training" title="Training">Training</a> – Acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of teaching or practice</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpraktiko%2Fs">πρακτικός</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpra%2Fssw">πράσσω</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library

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</style><cite id="CITEREFEricssonKrampeTesch-Römer1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ericsson, K. Anders; Krampe, Ralf T.; Tesch-Römer, Clemens (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.100.3.363">"The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance"</a>. Psychological Review. 100 (3): 363–406. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.100.3.363">10.1037/0033-295x.100.3.363</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-295X">0033-295X</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:4-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFEricssonCharnessFeltovichHoffman2006" class="citation book cs1">Ericsson, K. Anders; Charness, Neil; Feltovich, Paul J.; Hoffman, Robert R., eds. (2006-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511816796/type/book">The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance</a> (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511816796">10.1017/cbo9780511816796</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-84097-2</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:5-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFEricssonLehmann1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ericsson, K. A.; Lehmann, A. C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.273">"EXPERT AND EXCEPTIONAL PERFORMANCE: Evidence of Maximal Adaptation to Task Constraints"</a>. Annual Review of Psychology. 47 (1): 273–305. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.47.1.273">10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.273</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4308">0066-4308</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15012483">15012483</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnders_Ericsson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Anders Ericsson, K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00227.x">"Deliberate Practice and Acquisition of Expert Performance: A General Overview"</a>. Academic Emergency Medicine. 15 (11): 988–994. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1553-2712.2008.00227.x">10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00227.x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1069-6563">1069-6563</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:6-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRousmaniere2024" class="citation book cs1">Rousmaniere, Tony (2024-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003400622">Deliberate Practice for Psychotherapists: A Guide to Improving Clinical Effectiveness</a> (2 ed.). New York: Routledge. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003400622">10.4324/9781003400622</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-003-40062-2</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFEricssonKrampeTesch-Römer1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ericsson, K. Anders; Krampe, Ralf T.; Tesch-Römer, Clemens (July 1993). "The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance". Psychological Review. 100 (3): 363–406. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.169.9712">10.1.1.169.9712</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.100.3.363">10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11187529">11187529</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Geoff Colvin, Talent is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCampitelliGobet2011" class="citation journal cs1">Campitelli, Guillermo; Gobet, Fernand (October 2011). "Deliberate Practice: Necessary But Not Sufficient". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 20 (5): 280–285. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721411421922">10.1177/0963721411421922</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145572294">145572294</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHambrickMeinz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hambrick, David Z.; Meinz, Elizabeth J. (October 2011). "Limits on the Predictive Power of Domain-Specific Experience and Knowledge in Skilled Performance". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 20 (5): 275–279. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721411422061">10.1177/0963721411422061</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16690524">16690524</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMillerChowWampoldHubble2020" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Scott D.; Chow, Daryl; Wampold, Bruce E.; Hubble, Mark A.; Del Re, A. C.; Maeschalck, Cynthia; Bargmann, Susanne (2 January 2020). "To be or not to be (an expert)? Revisiting the role of deliberate practice in improving performance". High Ability Studies. 31 (1): 5–15. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13598139.2018.1519410">10.1080/13598139.2018.1519410</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149904631">149904631</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrabeckJeffreyFry" class="citation journal cs1">Brabeck, Mary; Jeffrey, Jill; Fry, Sara. "Practice for Knowledge Acquisition (Not Drill and Kill): (501912017-001)". <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fe501912017-001">10.1037/e501912017-001</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEricsson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ericsson, K. Anders (2021-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01368-3">"Given that the detailed original criteria for deliberate practice have not changed, could the understanding of this complex concept have improved over time? A response to Macnamara and Hambrick (2020)"</a>. Psychological Research. 85 (3): 1114–1120. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00426-020-01368-3">10.1007/s00426-020-01368-3</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1430-2772">1430-2772</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8049893">8049893</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32583127">32583127</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEricsson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ericsson, K Anders (June 2013). "Training history, deliberate practice and elite sports performance: an analysis in response to Tucker and Collins review—what makes champions?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (9): 533–535. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2012-091767">10.1136/bjsports-2012-091767</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23111333">23111333</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2890412">2890412</a>. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1350891798">1350891798</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRuedaMoll2012" class="citation book cs1">Rueda, Robert; Moll, Luis C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iwokGXE-D4C&pg=PA117">"A sociocultural Perspective on Motivation"</a>. In O'Neil, Harold F; Drillings, Michael (eds.). Motivation: Theory and Research. pp. 117–140. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203052686">10.4324/9780203052686</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-136-47819-2</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcGaghie2017" class="citation book cs1">McGaghie, William C. (2017-04-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119165590.ch12">"Advances in Medical Education from Mastery Learning and Deliberate Practice"</a>. pp. 249–264. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119165590.ch12">10.1002/9781119165590.ch12</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-119-16556-9</bdi>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (help); Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (help)

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<li id="cite_note-Duvivier_2011-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duvivier_2011_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duvivier_2011_23-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDuviviervan_DalenMuijtjensMoulaert2011" class="citation journal cs1">Duvivier, Robbert J; van Dalen, Jan; Muijtjens, Arno M; Moulaert, Véronique RMP; van der Vleuten, Cees PM; Scherpbier, Albert JJA (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293754">"The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of clinical skills"</a>. BMC Medical Education. 11 (1): 101. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-6920-11-101">10.1186/1472-6920-11-101</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293754">3293754</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22141427">22141427</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:684799">684799</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHowickAckermannWallsQuigley2017" class="citation journal cs1">Howick, Susan; Ackermann, Fran; Walls, Lesley; Quigley, John; Houghton, Tom (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/57316/1/Howick_etal_Omega2016_Learning_from_mixed_OR_method_practice.pdf">"Learning from mixed OR method practice: The NINES case study"</a> (PDF). Omega. 69: 70–81. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.omega.2016.08.003">10.1016/j.omega.2016.08.003</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNurseO’SheaLingCastle2025" class="citation journal cs1">Nurse, Karina; O’Shea, Melissa; Ling, Mathew; Castle, Nathan; Sheen, Jade (2025-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10503307.2024.2308159">"The influence of deliberate practice on skill performance in therapeutic practice: A systematic review of early studies"</a>. Psychotherapy Research. 35 (3): 353–367. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10503307.2024.2308159">10.1080/10503307.2024.2308159</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1050-3307">1050-3307</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMahon2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mahon, Daryl (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/capr.12601">"A scoping review of deliberate practice in the acquisition of therapeutic skills and practices"</a>. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 23 (4): 965–981. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcapr.12601">10.1002/capr.12601</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-3145">1473-3145</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFClements-HickmanHarris2024" class="citation journal cs1">Clements-Hickman, Alyssa L.; Harris, Kevin R. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pro0000592">"Deliberate practice for psychotherapy skills: Recommendations and implications based on the state of the science"</a>. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 55 (6): 563–572. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fpro0000592">10.1037/pro0000592</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1323">1939-1323</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMillerHubbleChow2020" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Scott D.; Hubble, Mark A.; Chow, Daryl (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.apa.org/books/16160-000">Better results: Using deliberate practice to improve therapeutic effectiveness</a>. Washington: American Psychological Association. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0000191-000">10.1037/0000191-000</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4338-3190-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBartulovicYoungMcCardleBaker2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bartulovic, Dora; Young, Bradley W.; McCardle, Lindsay; Baker, Joseph (18 October 2018). "Can athletes' reports of self-regulated learning distinguish deliberate practice from physical preparation activity?". Journal of Sports Sciences. 36 (20): 2340–2348. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02640414.2018.1455493">10.1080/02640414.2018.1455493</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29569522">29569522</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4224464">4224464</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wranx.com/what-is-skill-fade-and-how-to-combat-it/">"SKILL FADE"</a>. 14 October 2014.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMovahediSheikhBagherzadehHemayattalab2007" class="citation journal cs1">Movahedi, Ahmadreza; Sheikh, Mahmood; Bagherzadeh, Fazlolah; Hemayattalab, Rasool; Ashayeri, Hassan (November 2007). "A Practice-Specificity-Based Model of Arousal for Achieving Peak Performance". Journal of Motor Behavior. 39 (6): 457–462. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3200%2FJMBR.39.6.457-462">10.3200/JMBR.39.6.457-462</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18055352">18055352</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6056979">6056979</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMacnamaraMaitra2019" class="citation journal cs1">Macnamara, Brooke N.; Maitra, Megha (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6731745">"The role of deliberate practice in expert performance: revisiting Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer (1993)"</a>. Royal Society Open Science. 6 (8): 190327. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019RSOS....690327M">2019RSOS....690327M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.190327">10.1098/rsos.190327</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6731745">6731745</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31598236">31598236</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Sport546" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">Individual</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_sports" title="Military sports">Military sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_sports" title="Women's sports">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">Professional</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-professional_sports" title="Semi-professional sports">Semi-professional</a></li>

<li><a href="Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">Amateur</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sports_science" title="Sports science">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Exercise" title="Exercise">Exercise</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_periodization" title="Sports periodization">Periodization</a></li>

<li><a href="Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Physiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Medicine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_chiropractic" title="Sports chiropractic">Chriopractic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Injury</a></li>

<li><a href="Team_physician" title="Team physician">Physicians</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">Nutrition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">Sports drink</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sport_pedagogy" title="Sport pedagogy">Pedagogy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">Physical activity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sports_rating_system" title="Sports rating system">Rating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sociology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sports_club" title="Sports club">Clubs</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_league" title="Sports league">Leagues</a>

<ul><li><a href="Season_(sports)" title="Season (sports)">Season</a></li>

<li><a href="Playoffs" title="Playoffs">Postseason</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sports_school" title="Sports school">School</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_team" title="Sports team">Teams</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sport_management" title="Sport management">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Agents</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_economics" title="Sports economics">Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">Marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Sponsorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_(sports)" title="Trade (sports)">Trade</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sport_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="General_manager" title="General manager">General managers</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Journalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sports_magazine" title="Sports magazine">Magazines</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_podcast" title="Sports podcast">Podcasts</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promoters</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">Betting</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cheerleaders" title="List of cheerleaders">Cheerleaders</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_entertainment" title="Sports entertainment">Entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_sport" title="History of sport">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_memorabilia" title="Sports memorabilia">Memorabilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Name_(sports)" title="Name (sports)">Naming</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_sportspeople_with_nicknames" title="List of sportspeople with nicknames">Nicknames</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Number_(sports)" title="Number (sports)">Numbering</a></li>

<li><a href="Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympic culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sports_rivalries" title="List of sports rivalries">Rivalries</a></li>

<li><a href="Mascot" title="Mascot">Sports mascots</a></li>

<li><a href="Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_in_sports" title="Violence in sports">Violence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sports_equipment" title="Sports equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">Artificial turf</a></li>

<li><a href="Ball" title="Ball">Balls</a></li>

<li><a href="Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Caving</a></li>

<li><a href="Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise</a></li>

<li><a href="Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Flying disc</a></li>

<li><a href="Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Politics_and_sports" title="Politics and sports">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministries</a></li>

<li><a href="National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_of_sport" title="Regulation of sport">Regulation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_in_North_America" title="Sports in North America">North America</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_Oceania" title="Sport in Oceania">Oceania</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">South America</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_regions13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Western_sports" title="Western sports">Western world</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_sport_in_Latin_America" title="History of sport in Latin America">Latin America</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ASports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="Outline_of_sports" title="Outline of sports">Outline</a></li></ul>

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